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{"id":8803,"date":"2023-08-07T17:39:02","date_gmt":"2023-08-07T15:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/?p=8803"},"modified":"2023-08-11T14:21:11","modified_gmt":"2023-08-11T12:21:11","slug":"post-hoc-ergo-propter-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/?p=8803","title":{"rendered":"Post-hoc ergo Propter-hoc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul><li>&bdquo;Vn&iacute;manie mi neust&aacute;le ukazuje iba n&aacute;slednos&#357; (post hoc) nikdy pr&iacute;&#269;innos&#357; (propter hoc). Nikde sa nen&aacute;jde (vonkaj&scaron;&iacute;) vnem opr&aacute;v&#328;uj&uacute;ci pojem nutn&eacute;ho kauz&aacute;lneho spojenia.&ldquo; &ndash; Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&Aacute;no. Na &bdquo;vytvorenie nutn&eacute;ho kauz&aacute;lneho spojenia&ldquo; sl&uacute;&#382;ia n&aacute;stroje racion&aacute;lneho poznania \/ pozn&aacute;vania (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=4722&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\">Zdroje poznania<\/a> &ndash; bod 1.), ktor&eacute; spracuj&uacute; empirick&eacute; vnemy (a m&ocirc;&#382;u e&scaron;te viac &hellip;) alebo vnuknutie (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=4722&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\">Zdroje poznania<\/a> &ndash; bod 3.), ale &hellip; . Udalosti sa m&ocirc;&#382;u dokonca m&ocirc;&#382;u odohr&aacute;va&#357; priamo pred na&scaron;imi o&#269;ami a proste vid&iacute;me ako sa A pretv&aacute;ra do B, ale &ndash; ak sme d&ocirc;sledn&yacute; &ndash; nem&ocirc;&#382;eme bez poznania podstaty t&yacute;chto udalost&iacute; tvrdi&#357;, &#382;e sa tak stane v&#382;dy a teda, &#382;e existuje priama &#269;i nepriama pr&iacute;&#269;innos&#357; prerodu A do B. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>&bdquo;Na&scaron;e vedenie o pr&iacute;rodn&yacute;ch dejoch, o s&uacute;vislosti medzi vn&iacute;man&yacute;mi faktami (&#269;o je obsahom vied) nie je teda pr&iacute;sne vzat&eacute; &#382;iadne vedenie. Na&scaron;e o&#269;ak&aacute;vania, &#382;e po udalosti A bude nasledova&#357; udalos&#357; B, sa opiera o sk&uacute;senos&#357;, &#382;e a&#382; doteraz B v&#382;dy nasledovalo po A. <strong>Nevieme, &#269;i tomu tak bude aj v bud&uacute;cnosti, ale ver&iacute;me tomu. T&aacute;to &bdquo;viera&ldquo;<\/strong> je ov&scaron;em &uacute;plne opr&aacute;vnen&aacute; mno&#382;stvom pozorovan&yacute;ch pr&iacute;padov.&ldquo; &ndash; Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aj ke&#271;, vo v&auml;&#269;&scaron;ine pr&iacute;padov skuto&#269;ne pom&aacute;ha &bdquo;mno&#382;stvo pozorovan&yacute;ch pr&iacute;padov&ldquo;, v&#382;dy s&uacute; to n&aacute;stroje racion&aacute;lneho poznania \/ pozn&aacute;vania alebo vnuknutie, ktor&yacute;ch v&yacute;sledkom je poznanie s&uacute;vislosti a pr&iacute;&#269;innosti (kauzality) javov. Dokonca v niektor&yacute;ch pr&iacute;padoch n&aacute;stroje racion&aacute;lneho poznania \/ pozn&aacute;vania alebo vnuknutie dok&aacute;&#382;u predpoveda&#357; aj kauzalitu bez ak&eacute;hoko&#318;vek predo&scaron;l&eacute;ho v&yacute;skytu pr&iacute;padu. &Aacute;no, s&uacute; veci, v ktor&eacute; ver&iacute;me, ale s&uacute; veci, ktor&eacute; vieme a poznali sme ich nielen matematikou, ktor&uacute; jedin&uacute;, Hume pova&#382;uje za istotu (&bdquo;Ved&aacute;m prizn&aacute;va Hume plne ich opr&aacute;vnenos&#357;, matematike ako analytickej n&aacute;uke  v kvantitat&iacute;vnych vz&#357;ahoch na&scaron;ich predst&aacute;v dokonca absol&uacute;tnu istotu.&ldquo; &ndash; Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>&bdquo;Humova argument&aacute;cia nie je namieren&aacute; proti zdrav&eacute;mu &#318;udsk&eacute;mu rozumu &hellip;, ale proti dogmatick&yacute;m filozofom, metafyzikom, ktor&iacute; st&aacute;le prekra&#269;uj&uacute; hranice a predstieraj&uacute; vedenie tam, kde vedie&#357; nem&ocirc;&#382;u. Im ale Humov skepticizmus zasadil zni&#269;uj&uacute;ci &uacute;der. I ve&#318;k&eacute;ho Kanta prebudili pod&#318;a jeho vlastn&eacute; doznania Humove my&scaron;lienky z &bdquo;dogmatick&eacute;ho sp&aacute;nku&ldquo;.&ldquo; &ndash; Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271.)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevid&iacute;m tu &#382;iadny zni&#269;uj&uacute;ci &uacute;der skepticizmom. Sta&#269;&iacute; definova&#357; vieru (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=6824&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\">&#268;o je viera<\/a>) a jej miesto v &#318;udskom &#382;ivote a nepredstiera&#357; vedenie tam, kde ver&iacute;me. A vi&#271; vy&scaron;&scaron;ie odstavec &bdquo;Na&scaron;e vedenie &hellip;&ldquo; <strong>viera m&ocirc;&#382;e by&#357; aj pod&#318;a Huma &uacute;plne opr&aacute;vnen&aacute;<\/strong>. Naopak. V&scaron;etky argumenty Huma v podstate zasadzuj&uacute; zni&#269;uj&uacute;ci &uacute;der skepticizmu. Dokonca ukazuj&uacute;, &#382;e s&uacute; to pr&aacute;ve skeptici, ktor&iacute; nevedia ni&#269; dok&aacute;za&#357;, pri&#269;om st&aacute;le hovoria, &#382;e jedine d&ocirc;kaz ich presved&#269;&iacute;. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>&bdquo;&hellip; rovnako ako astronaut, ktor&yacute; v be&#382;nom &#382;ivote neust&aacute;le hovor&iacute; o &bdquo;vych&aacute;dzan&iacute; a &bdquo;zapadan&iacute;&ldquo; Slnka, o jeho &bdquo;polohe na oblohe, ako by nevedel, &#382;e Zem obieha okolo Slnka a nie naopak&ldquo; &ndash; Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bohu&#382;ia&#318; pre Huma, vych&aacute;zanie a zapadanie Slnka, nie je v&yacute;sledkom obiehania Zeme okolo Slnka, ale rot&aacute;ciou Zeme okolo svojej osi. (aktualiz&aacute;cia &ndash; neviem, &#269;i to skuto&#269;ne povedal Hume alebo je to chyba autora knihy alebo chyba prekladu, lebo napr. Mal&eacute; dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Immanuel Kant, Mo&#382;nos&#357; matematiky, str. 302: &bdquo;&hellip; priamka je najkrat&scaron;ia spojnica medzi dvoma bodmi &hellip;&ldquo; &ndash; samozrejme najkrat&scaron;ia spojnica medzi dvoma bodmi v klasickej geometrii je &uacute;se&#269;ka a nie priamka &hellip;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>V&scaron;etko existuje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hume nepopisuje Svet spr&aacute;vne, preto&#382;e nepopisuje v&scaron;etky mo&#382;nosti &ndash; <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=2752&amp;action=edit\" target=\"_blank\">Ako vysvet&#318;ova&#357; Sve<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=2752&amp;action=edit\">t<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V&scaron;etko existuje: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>A aj B sa s istotou stan&uacute; nez&aacute;visle od seba<\/li><li>A aj B sa s ur&#269;itou pravdepodobnos&#357;ou stan&uacute; nez&aacute;visle od seba<\/li><li>A vedie s istotou do B.<\/li><li>A vedie s ur&#269;itou pravdepodobnos&#357;ou do B.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Samozrejme &hellip; (nielen) V ekon&oacute;mii rozozn&aacute;vame nieko&#318;ko ch&yacute;b v myslen&iacute;. Jednou z nich je &bdquo;n&aacute;sledne a preto v d&ocirc;sledku toho&ldquo;. Neznamen&aacute; to v&scaron;ak, &#382;e tvrd&iacute;me, &#382;e v&scaron;etko, &#269;o nasleduje &ndash; &#382;e, ni&#269; z toho &ndash; nes&uacute;vis&iacute; s predch&aacute;dzaj&uacute;cim a je tvoren&eacute; v&yacute;lu&#269;ne pravdepodobnos&#357;ou, &#382;e sa dan&aacute; nasleduj&uacute;ca vec &ndash; sama o sebe &ndash; objav&iacute; bez akejko&#318;vek s&uacute;vislosti s predch&aacute;dzaj&uacute;cou. Rozozn&aacute;vame t&uacute;to chybu a pova&#382;ujeme ju za chybu, ale je jasn&eacute;, &#382;e ver&iacute;me, &#382;e existuje aj re&aacute;lna kauzalita vec&iacute;. Umo&#382;&#328;uje n&aacute;m opakova&#357;, predv&iacute;da&#357;, pl&aacute;nova&#357;, tvori&#357;, kon&scaron;truova&#357;, &hellip; veci a udalosti &ndash; napr. GPS, let na Mesiac a prist&aacute;tie na Mesiaci a n&aacute;vrat na Zem, algebra, &uacute;&#269;inok lieku a medic&iacute;nskej proced&uacute;ry, &hellip; . Preto&#382;e, ak by sme nemali a spochybnili vieru v kauzalitu, &hellip;, ni&#269; z vy&scaron;&scaron;ie uveden&eacute;ho by nebolo mo&#382;n&eacute;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8222;Vn\u00edmanie mi neust\u00e1le ukazuje iba n\u00e1slednos\u0165 (post hoc) nikdy pr\u00ed\u010dinnos\u0165 (propter hoc). Nikde sa nen\u00e1jde (vonkaj\u0161\u00ed) vnem opr\u00e1v\u0148uj\u00faci pojem nutn\u00e9ho kauz\u00e1lneho spojenia.&#8220; &#8211; Mal\u00e9 dejiny filozofie, Hans Joachim Stoering, Filozofie osvietenectva, 4. Hume, str. 271. \u00c1no. Na &#8222;vytvorenie nutn\u00e9ho kauz\u00e1lneho spojenia&#8220; sl\u00fa\u017eia n\u00e1stroje racion\u00e1lneho poznania \/ pozn\u00e1vania (Zdroje poznania &#8211; bod 1.), ktor\u00e9 spracuj\u00fa empirick\u00e9 ..<\/p>\n<div class=\"clear-fix\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/?p=8803\" title=\"read more...\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[242,220,249,250,274,64,252,268],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8803"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8803"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8803\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8857,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8803\/revisions\/8857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8803"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8803"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mylion.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8803"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}